What does 'gouge' refer to in materials context?

In the context of materials, 'gouge' refers to a deep cut or scratch that occurs when a hard object makes an indent or removal of material from a softer surface. This term is commonly used in machining, woodworking, and other material processing fields to describe damage or alterations inflicted on surfaces due to mechanical contact or abrasion. A gouge can affect the structural integrity or aesthetic quality of a material and may require repair or further processing to restore the surface. Understanding what constitutes a gouge is critical for those working in materials science, engineering, and manufacturing, as it influences how one would assess the quality and usability of a material after processing.